التصنيف: الصف العاشر

صبحكم / مساكم ربي بالخير ..

تقرير عن تاريخ وسائل النقل لطلاب و طالبات الصف العاشر ..!

اتمنى انكم تستيفيدون منه ..

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Introduction :

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare ("to carry"). Industries which have the business of providing equipment, actual transport, transport of people or goods and services used in transport of goods or people make up a large broad and important sector of most national economies, and are collectively referred to as transport industries. History of transport The history of transport evolved with the development of human culture. Long distance walking tracks developed as trade routes in paleolithic times. For most of human history the only forms of transport apart from walking were or transport in small boats. Road transport The first earth tracks were created by humans carrying goods and often followed game trails. Tracks would be naturally created at points of high traffic density. As animals were domesticated, horses, oxen and donkeys became an element in track-creation. With the growth of trade, tracks were often flattened or widened to accommodate animal traffic. Later, the travois, a frame used to drag loads, was developed. Animal-drawn wheeled vehicles probably developed in Sumer in the Ancient Near East in the 4th or 5th millennium BC and spread to Europe and India in the 4th millennium BC and China in about 1200 BC. The Romans had a significant need for good roads to extend and maintain their empire and developed Roman roads . In the Industrial Revolution, John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836) designed the first modern highways, using inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate (macadam), and he embanked roads a few feet higher than the surrounding terrain to cause water to drain away from the surface. With the development of motor transport there was an increased need for hard-topped roads to reduce washways, bogging and dust on both urban and rural roads, originally using cobblestones and wooden paving in major western cities and in the early 20th century tar-bound macadam (tarmac) and concrete paving were extended into the countryside .
The modern history of road transport also involves the development of new vehicles such as new models of horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, motor cars, motor trucks and electric vehicles.

Maritime transport

In the Stone Age primitive boats developed to permit navigation of rivers and for fishing in rivers and off the coast. It has been argued that boats suitable for a significant sea crossing was necessary for people to reach Australia an estimated 40,000-45,000 years ago. With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for trade and war. In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3,000 BC. Galleys were eventually rendered obsolete by ocean-going sailing ships, such as the man-of-war, in the late 15th century. In the industrial revolution, first steam ships and later diesel- powered ships were developed. Eventually submarines were developed mainly for military purposes. Meanwhile specialised craft were developed for river and canal transport. Canals were developed in Mesopotamia circa 4000 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and North India (from circa 2600 BC) had the first canal irrigation system in the world.[1] The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand Canal of China. It is 1794 kilometers (1115 miles) long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Guang between Beijing and Hangzhou. The project began in 605, although the oldest sections of the canal may have existed since circa 486 BC. Canals were developed in the Middle Ages in Europe in Venice and the Netherlands. Pierre-Paul Riquet began to organise the construction of the 240 km-long Canal du Midi in France in 1665 and it was opened in 1681. In the Industrial Revolution, inland canals were built in England and later the United States before the development of railways. Specialised craft were also developed for fishing and later whaling. after that everyone walked Maritime history also deals with the development of navigation, oceanography, cartography and hydrography.

Rail transport
The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, and includes systems with man or horse power and rails of wood (or occasionally stone). This was usually for moving coal from the mine down to a river, from where it could continue by boat, with a flanged wheel running on a rail. The use of cast iron plates as rails began in the 1760s, and was followed by systems (plateways) where the flange was part of the rail. However, with the introduction of rolled wrought iron rails, these became obsolete.
Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of mechanized land transport, and they remained the primary form of mechanized land transport for the next 100 years.
The history of rail transport also includes the history of rapid transit and arguably monorail history.
Aviation
Humanity’s desire to fly likely dates to the first time man observed birds, an observation illustrated in the legendary story of Daedalus and Icarus. Much of the focus of early research was on imitating birds, but through trial and error, balloons, airships, gliders and eventually aircraft and other types of flying machines were invented. The first generally recognized human flight took place in Paris in 1783. Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Francois d’Arlandes went 5 miles (8 km) in a hot air balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers.
The Wright brothers made the first sustained, controlled and powered heavier-than-air flight on December 17, 1903.

Conclusion :

Spaceflight
The realistic dream of spaceflight dated back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, however Tsiolkovsky wrote in Russian, and this was not widely influential outside Russia. Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard’s publication in 1919 of his paper ‘A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes’; where his application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuelled rockets gave sufficient power that interplanetary travel became possible. This paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth and Wernher Von Braun, later key players in spaceflight.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transport

http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/aboutus/opstory.htm

The difference between uae weddings
in the past and nowadays

تقرير …اضغط على الصورة ..

كلمات الvocab الفصل الثاني ,
مع معانيها بالانجليزي و ترجمتهـآ

ربي يوفقكم ^*

The introduction

In this research paper , we’re going to talk about William Shakespeare . His early life ,his works which were divided in to ; comedies , histories , tragedies and poems and his death.
Do you know who is William Shakespeare ?
He was an English poet and a playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English literature.
That’s what we will talk about in this research wishing that it will be an interesting and a useful research

A bout Shakespeare
The story of William Shakespeare is a tale of towns, start ford and London. He was born and reared in house which has survived by time and tourism .He married to a local girl she wore him three children , one of whom , the only son , died young . in London Shakespeare become a common player in plays, then a popular writer of plays – the most popular in his age. In his last years he passed in a fine house, called New place , he was purchased in his hometown. There, shortly before his death , he drew up a will in which he remembered – in addition to kin– ordinary folks ,start ford neighbours, as well as the collegues , his ‘fellows’, he esteemed most in the king’s troupe. He neglected to mention noble lords, although to one he had in early day dedicated two poems. In start ford, Shakespeare died and was buried seven years later his collected plays were printed in a handsom tolio volume. That event took place in London, which then, as now, was the center of the publishing trade in English.
Early life
William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, a successful glover and alderman originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised on 26 April 1564. His unknown birthday is traditioally observed on 23 April.

This date, which can be traced back to an eighteenth-century scholar’s mistake, has proved appealing because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616. He was the third eight and the eldest surviving son. Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was educated at the King’s New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter of a mile from his home.Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but the curriculum was dictated by law throughout England, and the school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar and the classics. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582.

Two of Hathaway’s neighbors posted bonds thenext day as surety that there were no impediments to the marriage. The couple may have arranged the ceremony in some haste, since the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read onceinstead of the usual three times. Anne’s pregnancy could have been the reason for this. Six months after the marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, who was baptized on 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptized on 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried on 11 August 1596. After the birth of the twins, there are few historical traces of Shakespeare until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. Because of this gap, scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare’s "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare’s first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching. Another eighteenth-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London. John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster. Some twentieth-century scholars have suggeste that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakespeare " in his will. No evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death.

List of works
Classification of the plays

Shakespeare’s works include the 36 plays printed in the First Folio of 1623, listed below according to their folio classification ascomedies, histories and tragedies. Shakespeare did not write every word of the plays attributed to him; and several show signs of collaboration, a common practice at the time. Two plays not included in the First Folio, The Two Noble Kinsmen and Pericles, Prince of Tyre, are now accepted as part of the canon, with scholars agreed that Shakespeare made a major contribution to their composition. No poems were included in the First Folio.In the late nineteenth century, Edward Dowden classified four of the late comedies as romances, and though many scholars prefer to call them tragicomedies, his term is often used. These plays and the associated Two Noble Kinsmen are marked with an asterisk below. In 1896, Frederick S. Boas coined the term "problem plays" to describe four plays: All’s Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida and Hamlet. "Dramas as singular in theme and temper cannot be strictly called comedies or tragedies", he wrote. "We may therefore borrow a convenient phrase from the theatre of today and class them together as Shakespeare’s problem plays." The term, much debated and sometimes applied to other plays, remains in use, though Hamlet is definitively classed as a tragedy. The other problem plays are marked below with a double dagger (‡). Plays thought to be only partly written by Shakespeare are marked with a dagger (†) below. Other works occasionally attributed to him are listed as lost plays or apocrypha.

Shakespeare’s Works
Comedies:-
1) All’s Well That Ends Well‡..
2) As You Like It..
3) The Comedy of Errors..
4) Cymbeline..
5) Love’s Labour’s Lost..
6) Measure for Measure‡..
7) The Merchant of Venice..
8) The Merry Wives of Windsor..
9) A Midsummer Night’s Dream..
10) Much Ado About Nothing ..
11) Pericles, Prince of Tyre*†..
12) The Taming of the Shrew..
13) The Tempest..
14) Twelfth Night, or What You Will..
15) The Two Gentlemen of Verona..
16) The Two Noble Kinsmen..
17) The Winter’s Tale..
Histories:-
1) King John
2) Richard II
3) Henry IV, part 1
4) Henry IV, part 2
5) Henry V
6) Henry VI, part 1† [f]
7) Henry VI, part 2
8) Henry VI, part 3
9) Richard III
10) Henry VIII†[g]
Tragedies:-
1) Romeo and Juliet..
2) Coriolanus ..
3) Titus Andronicus† ..
4) Timon of Athens†[i] ..
5) Julius Caesar..
6) Macbeth† [j] ..
7) Hamlet..
8) Troilus and Cressida‡ ..
9) King Lear ..
10) Othello..
11) Antony and Cleopatra..
Poems:-
1) Shakespeare’s Sonnets..
2) Venus and Adonis..
3) The Rape of Lucrece..
4) The Passionate Pilgrim..
5) The Phoenix and the Turtle ..
6) A Lover’s Complaint..
Shakespeare’s death

Healthy food

Done by:
Grade:
Observed by:

Healthy food
It is the food that has the daily needs for the human’s body in different stages of his age.

What is food?
It is every thing that human takes from soils (water or other drinks) and also hard things from food.

Foods store:
1-proteines…
2-carbohidrate…
3-minerals
– Fatty’ substances4
5-vitamins
6-water

The importance of having more than one choice in the food…
Having more than one choice offers a balance of food for the health. There is no full food but food completes to one another to make a full food. If you neglect one type of your daily food it won’t be a balanced diet but if you took a bit from each type you will be sure to have all the material that you need.

How to choose your perfect diet for your lifestyle:
For the people who works in critical thinking jobs like (students, business men) they need milk, cheese, eggs, and fish.
And they should stay away from the coffee and tea because it affects in the body from inside.
..The person who faces lots of trouble in their work needs a lot of vegetables and fruits and a piece of cheese but they have to stop the meat no problem if they had some lettuce or carrots or potatoes.
..The people who works with the strength of their body they need references rich with energy like the sugary and fatty substances
..The people who sits behind their desks under the air conditioner without moving they need some fresh vegetables and fruits.

How to avoid the gas in your stomach..
..Save the enough time to eat food so never eat fast and never speak while drinking soils especially if it was hot.
..Balance between the food times so doesn’t get food into food.
..To eat food slowly and chew it perfectly and don’t eat while chewing.
..Avoid holding and avoid the food that make Gas like cabbage.

Healthy ways to keep food safe…
..The milk is always kept in the refrigerator away from the light…
..Heating bread in the lowest degree possible so that it won’t lose the vitamins.
..Don’t wash the rice very much and don’t use a lot of water during heating it.
Eat the vegetables and the fruits fresh always after washing it…
..Keep the vegetables with leaves like lettuce in the coldest place in the refrigerator after covering it with wet cloth – but the beans and tomatoes are kept in a lower degree.
..Oranges and fruits are kept in a normal temperature and its juice is saved covered in the refrigerator.